Symptom Chronicity and Tobacco Use: Differences in Athletic and Nonathletic Candidates for Cartilage Surgery

Abstract

Objective To determine whether there are differences in symptomatic knee cartilage defects and rates of tobacco use among age-matched athletes versus nonathletes undergoing initial arthroscopic knee surgery who meet demographic and radiographic criteria for cartilage restoration surgery. Design Age-matched athletes ( n = 186) and nonathletes ( n = 159) age 40 or less with a body mass index (BMI) of 35 kg/m2 or less (mean 26.8 SD 4.1) and <50% joint space narrowing on weight-bearing radiographs were included. All patients had a symptomatic Outerbridge grade 2 or higher cartilage defect visualized during knee arthroscopy. Relationship between athletic status and chronicity of knee symptoms prior to surgery and tobacco use status, cartilage defect Outerbridge grade, size, and location at time of surgery were characterized. Results Nonathletes were more likely to smoke ( P < 0.001) and had higher BMI ( P = 0.005). Duration of symptoms prior to surgery was shorter among athletes ( P < 0.001). Grade 4 defects were equally prevalent ( P = 0.96) as were multicompartment grade 3-4 lesions ( P = 0.12). Mean grade 3-4 defect size was similar in lateral ( P = 0.96) and medial compartments ( P = 0.82). There was a trend toward larger anterior compartment defects in nonathletes ( P = 0.07). Conclusions Among age-matched athletes and nonathletes with symptomatic cartilage defects who meet demographic criteria for cartilage restoration, nonathletes were more likely to smoke and have a longer duration of symptoms prior to treatment. Athletes tended to present earlier but with similar size defects compared to nonathletes, supporting accelerated treatment of defects in athletes and caution toward allowing continued athletic participation in patients with known cartilage defects.