Dichotomous grouping of peripheral arterial calcification grades: A practical predictor of outcome after endovascular therapy in peripheral arterial disease

Abstract

Background There is a general agreement that arterial calcification affects the results of endovascular therapy for peripheral arterial disease (PAD). In addition to lacking evidence for their impact, existing calcification scores are complex, and not practical in everyday decision making. The global limb anatomic staging system (GLASS) adopted dichotomous grouping of calcification grades. Objective In this study we aim to investigate the impact of peripheral arterial calcification scoring after dichotomous grouping on midterm outcomes following endovascular therapy for PAD. Methods This prospective study included all consecutive patients with PAD indicated for endovascular therapy procedure who presented to our tertiary referral center in the period between October 2020 and October 2021. Patients were grouped into Group A ( n = 40): with no-to mild calcification (PACSS grade 0,1 and 2), and Group B ( n = 53): with severe calcification (PACSS grades 3 and 4). Primary endpoints included technical success rate, primary patency rates, and major adverse limb events rate (MALE) during 2 years of follow-up. Results The mean age of the studied cases ( n = 93) was 59.31 ± 6.46 years (range 50–75). 70 patients (75.3%) were males, and 23 (24.7%) were females. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups regarding technical success rate (97.5% in group A versus 94.33% in Group B, p = .457). The Primary patency rate after 1 year was lower in group B (74%) compared to group A (89.7%), but this difference was not statistically significant ( p = .059). However, the 2-year primary patency rate was significantly lower in group B compared to group A (64% versus 84.6% respectively, p = .034). MALE rate after 2 years was significantly higher in group B (28%) as compared to group A (10.4%), P = .048. Studying suspected risk factors revealed that severe calcification was more common in patients with ischemic heart disease (34%) and chronic kidney disease (11%), P= .003 and .002 respectively. Logistic regression analysis showed that patients suffered from IHD and those with length of lesion ≥ 5 cm are about five times more likely to have severe calcification compared to their counterparts (OR = 4.875, 95%CI = 1.293–18.383, p = .019, and OR = 4.513, 95% CI = 11.138–17.893, p = .032), respectively. Conclusion The presence of severe calcification is associated with significantly lower midterm primary patency rates and higher rate of major adverse limb events after endovascular intervention for lower limb denovo arterial lesions.