Influence of corners and road conditions on cycling individual time trial performance and ‘optimal’ pacing strategy: A simulation study

Abstract

A mathematical model of a bike-rider’s longitudinal and lateral dynamics was used to study the influence of road conditions (tyre-road friction coefficient) on cycling individual time trial (ITT) performance and pacing strategy. A dynamic optimisation approach was used on different simulated 40-km-ITT courses, where environmental variables (i.e. slope and wind), the presence of corners and the tyre-road friction coefficient were varied. The objective of the optimisation was the performance time. Maximal velocity was constrained by road geometry and the tyre-road friction coefficient. The maximal deliverable power output was constrained accordingly to the critical power model. The simulation results suggest that when technical sections constitute 25% of the entire course, road conditions can meaningfully affect the final performance time and peak power required, but not the pacing strategy. In fact, the time lost in slow technical sections cannot be regained during fast straight sections, even if technical sections are used to restore anaerobic energy stores. However, more experimental research is needed to test the applicability of these predictions.