1. Center to Improve Veteran Involvement in Care, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA
2. School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University–Portland State University, Portland, OR, USA
3. Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
4. Informatics, Decision-Enhancement, and Analytic Sciences (IDEAS) Center, VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
5. Program for Addiction Research, Clinical Care, Knowledge and Advocacy, Division of Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA