Radiographic Landmarks for Femoral Tunnel Positioning in Lateral Extra-articular Tenodesis Procedures

Abstract

Background: Lateral extra-articular tenodesis (LET) is being increasingly performed as an additional procedure in both primary and revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in patients with excessive anterolateral rotatory instability. Consistent guidelines for femoral tunnel placement would aid in intraoperative reproducible graft placement and postoperative evaluation of LET procedures. Purpose: To determine radiographic landmarks of a recently described isometric femoral attachment area in LET procedures with reference to consistent radiographic reference lines. Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Methods: Ten fresh-frozen cadaveric knees were dissected. The footprints of the lateral femoral epicondyle (LFE) apex and the deep aspects of the iliotibial tract, with its Kaplan fiber attachments (KFAs) on the distal femur, were marked with a 2.5-mm steel ball. True lateral radiographic images were taken. Mean absolute LFE and KFA distances were measured from the posterior cortex line (anterior-posterior direction) and from the perpendicular line intersecting the contact of the posterior femoral condyle (proximal-distal direction), respectively. Furthermore, positions were measured relative to the femur width. Finally, radiographic descriptions of an isometric femoral attachment area were developed. Results: The mean LFE and KFA positions were found to be 4 ± 4 mm posterior and 4 ± 3 mm anterior to the posterior cortex line, and 6 ± 4 mm distal and 20 ± 5 mm proximal to the perpendicular line intersecting the posterior femoral condyle, respectively. The mean LFE and KFA locations, relative to the femur width, were found at –12% and 11% (anterior-posterior) and –17% and 59% (proximal-distal), respectively. Femoral tunnel placement on or posterior to the femoral cortex line and proximal to the posterior femoral condyle within a 10-mm distance ensures that the tunnel remains safely located in the isometric zone. Conclusion: Radiographic landmarks for an isometric femoral tunnel placement in LET procedures were described. Clinical Relevance: These findings may help to intraoperatively guide surgeons for an accurate, reproducible femoral tunnel placement and to reduce the potential risk of tunnel misplacement, as well as to aid in the postoperative evaluation of LET procedures in patients with residual complaints.