Determination of Standard Values for Knee Version in a Healthy Population

Abstract

Background: Different measures are used to describe relevant anatomic variations that can result in patellofemoral instability and disorders. Knee version, the relative rotational alignment between the femur and tibia in the axial plane at the level of the knee, may have a decisive effect on the kinematics of the patellofemoral joint. However, data regarding the values of knee version are currently lacking. Purpose: This study aimed to determine standard values for knee version in a healthy population. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A total of 100 healthy volunteers (50 male and 50 female) without patellofemoral disorders or lower extremity malalignment were included in this study and underwent knee magnetic resonance imaging. The torsion values of the femur and tibia were independently measured using the Waidelich and Strecker method. Knee version, defined as static rotation of the tibia with respect to the femur in full extension, was determined by measuring the angle between the tangent lines to the dorsal femoral condyle (DFC) and the dorsal tibial head (DTH; defined by the posterior point of the proximal tibial plateau). Supplementary measurements were obtained as follows: (1) femoral epicondylar line (FEL), (2) tibial ellipse center line (TECL), (3) tibial tuberosity–trochlear groove (TT-TG) distance, and (4) tibial tuberosity–posterior cruciate ligament (TT-PCL) distance. Results: In 200 analyzed legs of 100 volunteers (mean age, 26.5 ± 5.8 years [range, 18 to 40 years]), we identified a mean internal femoral torsion of −23.8°± 9.7° (range, −46.2° to 1.6°), external tibial torsion of 33.2°± 7.4° (range, 16.4° to 50.3°), and external knee version (DFC to DTH) of 1.3°± 3.9° (range, −8.7° to 11.7°). Other measurements were as follows: FEL to TECL, −0.9°± 4.9° (range, −16.8° to 12.1°); FEL to DTH, −3.6°± 4.0° (range, −12.6° to 6.8°); and DFC to TECL, 4.0°± 4.9° (range, −12.7° to 14.7°). The mean TT-TG distance was 13.4 ± 3.7 mm (range, 5.3-23.5 mm), and the mean TT-PCL distance was 11.5 ± 3.5 mm (range, 6.0-20.9 mm). Female participants had significantly greater external knee version than male participants. Conclusion: Coronal- and sagittal-plane alignments of the knee have a well-known effect on the biomechanics of this joint. Additional information about the axial plane may result in new decision-making algorithms for managing knee disorders. This study is the first to report standard values of knee version in a healthy population. As a subsequent step building on this work, we advocate for the measurement of knee version in patients with patellofemoral disorders, as this parameter may assist with new treatment guidelines in the future.