The Emergence and Early Fate of the Three Rs Concept-Reference-Cited by-同舟云学术

The Emergence and Early Fate of the Three Rs Concept

Published:2019-11 Issue:5-6 Volume:47 Page:214-220
ISSN:0261-1929
Container-title:Alternatives to Laboratory Animals
language:en
Short-container-title:Altern Lab Anim

Author:

Balls Michael¹,Parascandola John²

Affiliation:

1. Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK

2. Department of History, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA

Abstract

In the 60th year since the publication of The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique by W.M.S. Russell and R.L. Burch, we visited the W.M.S. and Claire Russell Archive at the University of Nottingham to discover, or confirm, answers to certain questions: the origins of the UFAW project which led to its writing; the relationship between Russell and Burch; the project plan; the origin of the Three Rs ( Replacement, Reduction, Refinement) concept; the drafting, publication and response to the appearance of the book; and the future careers of its authors. We report on our findings, though many other questions have yet to be answered.

Publisher

SAGE Publications

Subject

Medical Laboratory Technology,Toxicology,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology,General Medicine

Link

http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0261192919896352

Reference23 articles.

1. Russell WMS, Burch RL. The principles of humane experimental technique. London: Methuen, 1959, 238 pp.

2. The Progress of Humane Experimental Technique

3. The Progress of Humane Experimental Technique since 1959: A Personal View

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