The Current Status and Work of Three Rs Centres and Platforms in Europe*-Reference-Cited by-同舟云学术

The Current Status and Work of Three Rs Centres and Platforms in Europe*

Published:2022-11 Issue:6 Volume:50 Page:381-413
ISSN:0261-1929
Container-title:Alternatives to Laboratory Animals
language:en
Short-container-title:Altern Lab Anim

Author:

Neuhaus Winfried¹,Reininger-Gutmann Birgit²,Rinner Beate²,Plasenzotti Roberto³,Wilflingseder Doris⁴,De Kock Joery⁵,Vanhaecke Tamara⁵,Rogiers Vera⁵,Jírová Dagmar⁶,Kejlová Kristina⁶,Knudsen Lisbeth E.⁷^ORCID,Nielsen Rasmus Normann⁷,Kleuser Burkhard⁸,Kral Vivian⁸,Thöne-Reineke Christa⁹,Hartung Thomas¹⁰,Pallocca Giorgia¹⁰,Rovida Costanza¹⁰,Leist Marcel¹⁰,Hippenstiel Stefan¹¹,Lang Annemarie¹¹,Retter Ida¹¹,Krämer Stephanie¹²,Jedlicka Peter¹²,Ameli Katharina¹²,Fritsche Ellen¹³¹⁴,Tigges Julia¹³,Kuchovská Eliška¹³^ORCID,Buettner Manuela¹⁵,Bleich Andre¹⁵,Baumgart Nadine¹⁶,Baumgart Jan¹⁷,Meinhardt Marcus W.¹⁸,Spanagel Rainer¹⁸,Chourbaji Sabine¹⁹,Kränzlin Bettina²⁰^ORCID,Seeger Bettina²¹^ORCID,von Köckritz-Blickwede Maren²²,Sánchez-Morgado José M.²³,Galligioni Viola²³,Ruiz-Pérez Daniel²³,Movia Dania²⁴^ORCID,Prina-Mello Adriele²⁴^ORCID,Ahluwalia Arti²⁵,Chiono Valeria²⁶,Gutleb Arno C.²⁷,Schmit Marthe²⁸,van Golen Bea²⁹,van Weereld Leane³⁰,Kienhuis Anne³¹,van Oort Erica²⁹,van der Valk Jan³²,Smith Adrian³³,Roszak Joanna³⁴,Stępnik Maciej³⁴³⁵,Sobańska Zuzanna³⁴,Reszka Edyta³⁴,Olsson I. Anna S.³⁶³⁷^ORCID,Franco Nuno Henrique³⁶³⁷,Sevastre Bogdan³⁸^ORCID,Kandarova Helena³⁹,Capdevila Sara⁴⁰^ORCID,Johansson Jessica⁴¹,Svensk Emma⁴¹,Cederroth Christopher R.⁴²,Sandström Jenny⁴²,Ragan Ian⁴³,Bubalo Nataliia⁴⁴,Kurreck Jens⁴⁵,Spielmann Horst⁸

Affiliation:

1. EUSAAT, Austrian Institute of Technology (AIT) GmbH, Competence Unit Molecular Diagnostics, Centre for Health and Bioresources, Vienna, Austria, and Danube Private University, Department of Medicine, Krems, Austria

2. Biomedical Research, Medical University Graz, Austria

3. Department of Biomedical Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria

4. Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria

5. Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Innovation Centre-3R Alternatives (IC-3Rs), Dept. In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology (IVTD), Brussels, Belgium

6. Centre of Toxicology and Health Safety, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic

7. Danmarks 3R-Center, Glostrup, Denmark

8. Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Berlin, Germany

9. Freie Universität Berlin, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Animal Welfare, Animal Behaviour and Laboratory Animal Science, Berlin, Germany

10. Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT) Europe, University of Konstanz, Germany

11. Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charité3R, Berlin, Germany

12. 3R Centre JLU Giessen, Interdisciplinary Centre for 3Rs in Animal Research (ICAR3R), Giessen, Germany

13. IUF–Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany

14. Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany

15. Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany

16. TARC force 3R, Translational Animal Research Center, University Medical Centre, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany

17. Translational Animal Research Center, University Medical Centre, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany

18. Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

19. Interfaculty Biomedical Research Facility (IBF), University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

20. Core Facility Preclinical Models, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany

21. University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Institute for Food Quality and Food Safety, Research Group Food Toxicology and Alternatives/Complementary Methods to Animal Experiments, Hannover, Germany

22. University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Department of Biochemistry & Research Centre for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, Hannover, Germany

23. Bioresearch and Veterinary Services, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

24. Comparative Medicine Unit, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin, Ireland

25. Applied Radiation Therapy Trinity (ARTT) and Laboratory for Biological Characterisation of Advanced Materials (LBCAM), Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin, Ireland

26. Laboratory for Biological Characterisation of Advanced Materials (LBCAM), Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin, Ireland

27. Department of Information Engineering, Università di Pisa and Centro 3R, Interuniversity Centre for the Promotion of 3Rs Principles in Teaching and Research, Italy

28. Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Torino and Centro 3R, and Interuniversity Center for the Promotion of 3Rs Principles in Teaching and Research, Italy

29. Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Belvaux, Luxembourg

30. University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg

31. Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality, The Hague, The Netherlands

32. Netherlands National Committee for the protection of animals used for scientific purposes (NCad), The Hague, The Netherlands

33. National Institute for Public Health and the Environment–RIVM, BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands

34. 3Rs-Centre, Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands

35. Norecopa, Ås, Norway

36. The National Centre for Alternative Methods to Toxicity Assessment, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Łódź, Poland

37. QSAR Lab Ltd, Gdańsk, Poland

38. IBMC–Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal

39. i3S–Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal

40. Romanian Center for Alternative Test Methods (ROCAM) hosted by the University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine in Cluj-Napoca, Romania

41. Slovak National Platform for 3Rs–SNP3Rs, Bratislava, Slovakia; and Department of Tissue Cultures and Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Centre of Experimental Medicine SAS, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia

42. Comparative Medicine and Bioimage Centre of Catalonia (CMCiB), Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain

43. Swedish 3Rs Center, Swedish Board of Agriculture, Jönköping, Sweden

44. Swiss 3RCC, Bern, Switzerland

45. National Centre for the 3Rs (NC3Rs), London, United Kingdom

Abstract

The adoption of Directive 2010/63/EU on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes has given a major push to the formation of Three Rs initiatives in the form of centres and platforms. These centres and platforms are dedicated to the so-called Three Rs, which are the Replacement, Reduction and Refinement of animal use in experiments. ATLA’s 50th Anniversary year has seen the publication of two articles on European Three Rs centres and platforms. The first of these was about the progressive rise in their numbers and about their founding history; this second part focuses on their current status and activities. This article takes a closer look at their financial and organisational structures, describes their Three Rs focus and core activities (dissemination, education, implementation, scientific quality/translatability, ethics), and presents their areas of responsibility and projects in detail. This overview of the work and diverse structures of the Three Rs centres and platforms is not only intended to bring them closer to the reader, but also to provide role models and show examples of how such Three Rs centres and platforms could be made sustainable. The Three Rs centres and platforms are very important focal points and play an immense role as facilitators of Directive 2010/63/EU ‘on the ground’ in their respective countries. They are also invaluable for the wide dissemination of information and for promoting the implementation of the Three Rs in general.

Funder

European Union’s Horizon 2020

MWK

Chair Mireille Aerens

Einstein foundation Berlin

EU-COST Action

Ministry for Culture and Science of the State of North-Rhine Westphalia

ERDF/ESF

Land-BW

Dept. ‘Leefmilieu’ of the Brussels Region

Horizon Europe

DK-EPA