Eustachian Tube Function in Cleft Palate Children

Abstract

The cleft palate population has a high prevalence of chronic otitis media with effusion (OME). The present study attempts to relate this pathology to a functional obstruction of the eustachian tube (ET). Employing two methods, the forced-response test and the inflation-deflation test, various parameters of ET function were evaluated in 41 children and adolescents with cleft palates. The results indicated that cleft palate children have a limited ability to open the ET actively by swallowing, as evidenced by an inability to equilibrate applied positive or negative pressures. These children demonstrated little ability to alter pressure in the middle ear (ME) by either the Valsalva or Toynbee maneuver. Passive ET airflow resistance in these children is not different from that of a traumatic perforation group. However, in the majority of cases (73%), the resistance of the tube increased with swallowing, suggesting a constriction of the ET rather than a dilation. Further, for those individuals capable of tubal dilation, the efficiency of dilation as measured by the resistance ratio was significantly less than that reported for the traumatic perforation group. Eustachian tube function in this population was not demonstrably dependent on age, sex, or type of cleft. The cleft palate children of the present study had severe functional obstruction of the ET. This obstruction was primarily related to the inability of the tensor veli palatini (TVP) muscle to dilate the ET actively during swallowing and appears to be the major factor responsible for the pathogenesis of OME in this population.