Disparities in Olfactory Dysfunction in African Americans

Abstract

Objectives: To examine olfactory performance in African Americans (AA) and Whites by comparing individual scent scores on objective olfactory tests to assess potential racial-ethnic differences of scent detection. Methods: Cross-sectional study of healthy participants, age 18+ years, and without sinonasal inflammatory disease from June 2021 to April 2022. Included participants self-identified as AA or White. Patients were recruited from outpatient clinics at University of Kansas Medical Center, and the local community. Two smelling tests were employed: Affordable Rapid Olfactory Measurement Array (AROMA) and Sniffin’ Sticks (SST-12). Sino-Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT-22) was used for self-reported olfactory function . Pearson correlation and chi-square tests were used to detect statistical significance. Results: Our sample included 102 (46 AA and 56 Whites) participants. AROMA and SST-12 scores were significantly correlated in AA ( P < .01, Pearson’s Rho = .642) and Whites ( P < .05, Pearson’s Rho = .297). Mean scores on AROMA were significantly lower for AAs: 64.2 and Whites: 75.5 ( P < .01). On AROMA, AA less accurately identified the scents of Licorice, Orange, Lavender, Cinnamon, Clove, and Rosemary ( P < .05). Similarly, SST-12 mean scores for AAs: 84.2 were also lower than Whites: 89.9 ( P < .01). On SST-12, AA less accurately identified the scent of pineapple Based on SST-12 scoring criteria, 60.9% of AA and 30.4% of Whites were classified as hyposmic ( P < .05). SNOT-22 Smell scores were equivalent for both groups. Conclusion: On both tests of olfaction, AA performed worse than Whites and a greater proportion of AA were considered hyposmic compared to Whites. This is a discrepancy with self-reported olfaction, which showed no difference between Whites and AA. AA performed significantly worse than their White counterparts on several scents, with possible implications regarding cultural appropriateness of scents used in olfactory testing.