Middle ear Pathologies in Adults Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Introduction: Middle ear pathologies have been linked with HIV. The onset and development of these pathologies in individuals with HIV have not been categorized; and clarity has not been gained regarding whether their presentation is any different in this population when compared to HIV negative control group. Purpose: The aim of this study was to explore and document published evidence reflecting trends in middle ear pathologies in adults living with HIV. Methods: A systematic review of literature from January 1982 to December 2018 was conducted using Medline, CINAHL, PubMed, and Psych Info. Studies that reported the occurrence rate of middle ear pathologies in adults with HIV and published in English were included. Results: Twelve articles met the inclusion criteria. Evidence suggests that the reported occurrence rates of middle ear pathologies ranges from 2.5% to 58% in this population. The variability in assessment measures as well as the different cut-off criteria used in studies seem to have an influence in the findings, with pure tone audiometry identifying more middle ear pathologies in the current review than tympanometry with 226 Hz probe tone and clinical examination. Otitis media, conductive hearing loss, and type B tympanogram were common findings reported in this study. No evidence of an association between the use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and the rates of middle ear pathologies was found. Conclusion: Although there are very few studies that have reported on middle ear pathologies in adults living with HIV, the available studies have sufficiently established a link between HIV and middle ear disease in this population, and have revealed that the rate of occurrence is influenced by a number of factors. Key amongst these is the type of assessment measure used. Careful analysis of middle ear pathologies in this population through well controlled research designs that include different assessment measures. The use of case-control and longitudinal designs to determine differences between groups and to establish the time of onset and development of middle ear pathologies is required.