Resilience to hazards overlapping a pandemic: A shelter resource stabilization model

Author:

Hutton Nicole S1,Whytlaw Jennifer L1,Behr Joshua2,Yusuf Juita-Elena (Wie)3,Olanrewaju Lasisi Taiwo C4,Marshall Jennifer5,Seiler Rimer Vicky6

Affiliation:

1. Department of Political Science and Geography, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA

2. Virginia Modeling, Analysis & Simulation Center, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA

3. School of Public Service and Institute for Coastal Adaptation and Resilience, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA

4. CLIR Postdoctoral Fellow in Community Data Literacy at Carnegie Mellon University Libraries, PA, USA

5. College of Public Health, University of South Florida, FL, USA

6. Department of Marketing, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA

Abstract

COVID-19 and the resulting financial impacts had budget and workforce implications for organizations involved in emergency shelter provision. To address distancing and sanitation protocols as well as virus transmission and vaccination rates, shelter supplies, facility modifications, and staffing adjustments were needed. As funding and authorizations to implement public health guidance and stabilize the workforce expired, emergency managers had to determine whether to continue pandemic protocols. In order to understand these relationships, we conducted a workshop in September 2021 with 137 emergency managers, public health leaders, and other government and nonprofit practitioners from 20 states, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and Canada to identify resource reallocation strategies utilized for sheltering from post-lockdown to post-vaccine periods of the COVID-19 pandemic. We applied a fiscal recovery framework to explore how these operational changes were influenced by and have implications for fiscal and policy support as well as operational adaptability. Results show that as fiscal and policy support waned, some pandemic protocols were suspended, thereby shifting and reducing human and facility resource needs. Distancing protocols benefited from improvements in masking, vaccine, and testing availability without consistent mandates, but non-congregate shelter provision was reduced as authorizations and funding expired. Modified service contracts and increased utilization of special needs registries can realign resources with health and safety needs. Based on participant responses, we developed a Retractable Stabilization Model to indicate how shelter resources can be reallocated and supported by future policy interventions to provide a range of emergency sheltering options during pandemics and overlapping hazards.

Publisher

SAGE Publications

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