Evaluation of properties of sulfur-based polymers obtained by inverse vulcanization: Techniques and challenges

Abstract

Sulfur-based polymers are unique renewable materials that are receiving a growing attention. The utilization of elemental sulfur with a variety of monomers in their preparation in the absence of solvents using the inverse vulcanization are granting them green nature and unique properties. Several characterization techniques have been used to evaluate the properties of sulfur-based polymers. However, the complex structure and lack of solubility undermine the applicability of some standard characterization techniques in the usual manners. This article reviews the characterization methods used for the evaluation of various properties of sulfur-based polymers such as chemical, morphological, structural, thermal, rheological and mechanical properties, all of which vary depending on the type of comonomer involved in the reaction and heat treatment conditions. The successful applications of different characterization techniques including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), scanning electron microscopy/X-ray energy dispersion (SEM-EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), mechanical tester, rheometer, thermal gravimetric analyzer (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) are discussed. The challenges to the evaluation of the properties of sulfur-based polymers and the innovative applications of the conventional techniques to overcome them are also deliberated.