Socioeconomic inequalities of Long COVID: a retrospective population-based cohort study in the United Kingdom-Reference-Cited by-同舟云学术

Socioeconomic inequalities of Long COVID: a retrospective population-based cohort study in the United Kingdom

Published:2023-05-10 Issue:8 Volume:116 Page:263-273
ISSN:0141-0768
Container-title:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
language:en
Short-container-title:J R Soc Med

Author:

Shabnam Sharmin¹,Razieh Cameron¹²³⁴,Dambha-Miller Hajira⁵,Yates Tom²³,Gillies Clare¹,Chudasama Yogini V¹,Pareek Manish⁶,Banerjee Amitava⁷^ORCID,Kawachi Ichiro⁸,Lacey Ben⁹,Morris Eva JA⁹,White Martin¹⁰,Zaccardi Francesco¹,Khunti Kamlesh¹,Islam Nazrul⁵⁹^ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Leicester Real World Evidence Unit, Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE5 4PW, UK

2. Diabetes Research Centre, Leicester General Hospital, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE5 4PW, UK

3. NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and University of Leicester, Leicester, LE5 4PW, UK

4. Office for National Statistics, Newport, NP10 8XG, UK

5. Primary Care Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, SO16 5ST, UK

6. Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK

7. Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, NW1 2DA, UK

8. Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA

9. Nuffield Department of Population Health, Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK

10. MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK

Abstract

Objectives To estimate the risk of Long COVID by socioeconomic deprivation and to further examine the inequality by sex and occupation. Design We conducted a retrospective population-based cohort study using data from the ONS COVID-19 Infection Survey between 26 April 2020 and 31 January 2022. This is the largest nationally representative survey of COVID-19 in the UK with longitudinal data on occupation, COVID-19 exposure and Long COVID. Setting Community-based survey in the UK. Participants A total of 201,799 participants aged 16 to 64 years and with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Main outcome measures The risk of Long COVID at least 4 weeks after SARS-CoV-2 infection by index of multiple deprivation (IMD) and the modifying effects of socioeconomic deprivation by sex and occupation. Results Nearly 10% ( n = 19,315) of participants reported having Long COVID. Multivariable logistic regression models, adjusted for a range of variables (demographic, co-morbidity and time), showed that participants in the most deprived decile had a higher risk of Long COVID (11.4% vs. 8.2%; adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 1.46; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.34, 1.59) compared to the least deprived decile. Significantly higher inequalities (most vs. least deprived decile) in Long COVID existed in healthcare and patient-facing roles (aOR: 1.76; 95% CI: 1.27, 2.44), in the education sector (aOR: 1.68; 95% CI: 1.31, 2.16) and in women (aOR: 1.56; 95% CI: 1.40, 1.73) than men (aOR: 1.32; 95% CI: 1.15, 1.51). Conclusions This study provides insights into the heterogeneous degree of inequality in Long COVID by deprivation, sex and occupation. These findings will help inform public health policies and interventions in incorporating a social justice and health inequality lens.

Funder

Office for National Statistics

Publisher

SAGE Publications

Subject

General Medicine

Link

http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/01410768231168377

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