Avacopan for the Treatment of Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody (ANCA)-Associated Vasculitis

Abstract

Objective: To review the safety and efficacy of avacopan for the treatment of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis. Data Sources: A systematic review of the literature was performed using the terms avacopan OR tavneos OR CCX168 OR ANCA-associated vasculitis in PubMed and Google Scholar. Articles between January 2016 and January 2023 were considered for inclusion. Bibliographies and ClinicalTrials.gov were also searched for completion. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Relative English language and human studies related to pharmacology, clinical trials, and safety were included. Data Synthesis: The 52-week ADVOCATE and 12-week CLEAR clinical trials evaluated the safety and efficacy of avacopan. The remission rate was 65.7% and 54.9% in the avacopan and placebo group, respectively, in the ADVOCATE trial. The Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score improved by ≥50% in 86.4% of avacopan treated patients and 70% of prednisone treated patients in the CLEAR trial. Relevance to Patient Care and Clinical Practice in Comparison With Existing Drugs: Glucocorticoids in combination with cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, and/or rituximab have been a mainstay of ANCA-associated vasculitis treatment. However, short- and long-term medication-related adverse effects risk negative outcomes for patients. Avacopan may provide equivalent to better treatment with fewer side effects due to a reduction, if not elimination, of glucocorticoids. Conclusions: Avacopan used in isolation or combination is safe and effective for ANCA-associated vasculitis.