A Review of Topical Sirolimus for the Treatment of Facial Angiofibromas in Tuberous Sclerosis Complex

Abstract

Objective: This article assesses the efficacy, safety, pharmacology, and clinical applications of topical sirolimus 0.2% gel for the treatment of tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC)–associated facial angiofibromas. Data sources: A review of the literature was conducted using the Medline (PubMed) and EMBASE databases using the keywords topical sirolimus, rapamycin, Hyftor, and tuberous sclerosis. Study selection and data extraction: Articles written in English and relevant to the topic were included. Data synthesis: In the phase 2 trial, the mean improvement factor, a composite measure of improved tumor size and redness, was achieved in all patient groups ( P < 0.001) with significant responses among the adult and pediatric subgroups at week 12. There were no serious adverse events recorded. In the phase 3 trial, 60% of participants responded to treatment in the sirolimus group compared with 0% in the placebo group with different response rates between the adult and pediatric subgroups at week 12. Sirolimus gel had no serious adverse events, and dry skin was the most common adverse reaction. Patients who had completed the 12-week trials were then enrolled in a long-term trial; angiofibromas had response rates of 78.2% to 0.2% sirolimus gel. Relevance to patient care and clinical practice in comparison to existing drugs: Topical sirolimus 0.2% is a first-in-class, newly Food and Drug Administration (FDA)–approved, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor that is a promising and safe, noninvasive alternative to surgical procedures for TSC-associated angiofibromas. Conclusions: Topical sirolimus 0.2% gel is a moderately effective treatment for TSC-associated facial angiofibromas with an adequate safety profile.