A Complement to Traditional Treatments for Antibody-Mediated Rejection? Use of Eculizumab in Lung Transplantation: A Review and Early Center Experience

Abstract

Objective: To review the efficacy and safety of eculizumab for prevention and treatment of antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) in lung transplant recipients (LTRs). Data Sources: A literature search of PubMed and the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register (2007 to mid-October 2023) was performed using the following search terms: eculizumab, complement inhibitor, solid organ transplant, lung transplant, and AMR. Study Selection and Data Extraction: All relevant English-language studies were reviewed and considered. Data Synthesis: Eculizumab, a monoclonal antibody that binds complement protein C5 to inhibit its cleavage and subsequent generation of the membrane attack complex, is currently approved to treat paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome, generalized myasthenia and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Given the role of antibodies directed against donor antigens that are produced by allospecific B-cells and plasma cells in AMR, eculizumab is being investigated for use within this indication. Three case reports have described the successful use of eculizumab for the prevention and treatment of AMR in LTRs. Given this lack of robust data, evidence for the use of eculizumab in other solid organ transplant recipients is of increased value. Early experiences from a single center’s use of eculizumab in LTRs are also described. Relevance to Patient Care and Clinical Practice: Lung transplant is a recognized treatment for end-stage lung disease, though complications posttransplant can be associated with significant morbidity and mortality. While prevention and management of AMR remains a substantial challenge without comprehensive guidance from societal guidelines, recently published literature may be helpful to guide clinical practice using alternative treatment options. However, this remains an area of great clinical importance, given the impact of AMR on long-term allograft function. Conclusions: Optimizing use of current therapies, as well as identifying and advancing novel therapeutic modalities such as eculizumab, are vital for the improvement of AMR prevention and treatment in LTRs to extend long-term allograft function and survival.