Cytomegalovirus Treatment in Solid Organ Transplantation: An Update on Current Approaches

Abstract

Objective: The article reviews the safety and efficacy of treatments for cytomegalovirus (CMV) in solid organ transplantation. Data Sources: A literature review was conducted in PubMed, MEDLINE, and Clinicaltrials.gov from database inception through January 2024, using terms CMV, therapy, and solid organ transplantation. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Clinical trials, meta-analyses, cohort studies, case reports, and guidelines were included. Letters to the editor, reviews, and commentaries were excluded. Data Synthesis: After abstract screening and full-text review of 728 citations for eligibility, 53 were included. Valganciclovir and intravenous ganciclovir are drugs of choice for CMV management and, until recently, the availability of alternative options has been restricted due to toxicity. For instance, foscarnet and cidofovir serve as second-line agents due to potential bone marrow and renal toxicity. In patients with refractory or resistant CMV, maribavir, a novel oral agent, has proven efficacy and a lower adverse effect profile. However, in refractory or resistant CMV, foscarnet and cidofovir are preferred in invasive disease (CMV gastritis, CMV retinitis, and CMV encephalitis), high viral loads, and inability to tolerate oral preparations. Relevance to Patient Care and Clinical Practice: Consensus guidelines have not been revised since approval of novel antivirals in solid organ transplantation. Valganciclovir and ganciclovir remain drugs of choice for initial CMV therapy. Foscarnet, cidofovir, and maribavir are treatments for refractory or resistant-CMV. Conclusions: Selection of CMV antiviral treatment should be determined by patient-specific factors, including severity of illness, resistant or refractory disease, dose-limiting adverse effects, and the preferred route of administration.