Role Development of Nurse Practitioners and Physician Assistants in Liver Transplantation

Abstract

Background: Nurse practitioners (NPs) and physician assistants (PAs) are increasingly utilized in health care. However, their roles in liver transplantation (LT) have not been investigated. Materials and Methods: In this study, we reviewed the employment and development of NPs and PAs and their impact on our deceased-donor LT (DDLT) program. Results: We found a safe and efficient way to utilize NPs and PAs in a DDLT program. Since the beginning of our program, Model of End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) scores have increased significantly, suggesting patients are sicker at the time of transplant, and wait times of patients have become longer. With the incorporation of NPs and PAs, we found that length of stay (LOS) was not affected. The overall median warm ischemic time did not increase. Outcomes of LT for both patient and graft survival actually improved and remain at or above the expected values. These results collectively support the usefulness and validity of NPs and PAs in a DDLT program. Conclusion: We have determined that surgical and medical NPs and PAs are essential for optimal patient outcomes. They facilitate a better learning experience for residents and fellows on their transplant rotations. Further investigations to assess the roles of these providers and their impact on the education of residents and fellows in transplantation are warranted. Further transplant hepatology education programs and/or fellowships are recommended to assist in the education and professional development of transplant NPs and PAs.