Demystifying Sport Superstition

Abstract

The available information from sociology, anthropology, psychology and phys ical education as well as popular sport literature was studied in an attempt to throw light on the topic of superstition in sport. The paper attempts to summa rize the work done on the topic and, from the available facts, go on to suggest logical extensions of these ideas. It points out unanswered questions and raises doubts formerly unchallenged "facts". All indications are that superstition, in a variety of forms, is very common in sport although not always as obvious as some of the incidents described in sports columns might suggest. There are problems in investigating the subject and very little scientific research has been conducted. It appears that superstitions are natural psychological mechanisms helping the athlete to cope with the stress of the competitive situation and to perform at his best under pressure. There are theoretical answers as to where and how sports superstitions origi nate and under what conditions they persist. The level and extent of involvement of the athlete in his sport emerges a key determinant of the prevalence and seriousness with which superstition is endorsed. There are variations in super stition from one sport to another, and even with the roles assumed within a sport. There is some evidence of sex differences as well. Some good work has been done, but to date the research and theorizing on the topic has raised as many questions as it has answered.