Trends in prevalence and complications for smokers who underwent total hip arthroplasty from 2011 to 2019: an analysis of 243,163 patients

Abstract

Background: Smoking is an established risk factor for postoperative complications after total hip arthroplasty (THA). It is unknown if the decreasing prevalence of adult smoking in the United States is reflected in the elective THA patient population. We aimed to investigate recent trends in: (1) the prevalence of smoking pre-THA, stratified by patient demographics; and (2) rates of 30-day complications and increased healthcare utilisation post-THA in smokers versus non-smokers. Methods: Patients who underwent primary elective THA (2011–2019) were identified using the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database. A total of 243,163 cases (Smokers: n = 30,536; Non-smokers: n = 212,627) were included. Trends analyses were performed for smoking prevalence across the study period. Smokers were propensity score-matched (1:1) to a cohort of non-smokers ( n = 29,628, each), and rates of 30-day complications, readmission, and non-home discharge were compared. Results: The rate of preoperative smoking significantly decreased from 14.0% in 2011 to 11.6% in 2019 ( p-trend = 0.0286). When stratified, a significant decreasing trend in smoking was found for males and all races; within races, American-Indian/Alaska-Native race had the sharpest decline (2011:36.3% vs. 2019:23.2%). No significant change in 30-day complication rates among smokers or non-smokers was observed ( p-trend > 0.05), but non-home discharge significantly decreased for both smokers ( p-trend = 0.001) and non-smokers ( p-trend < 0.001). After matching, higher rates of superficial surgical site infections (SSI) (0.9% vs. 0.5%; p < 0.001), deep SSI (0.5% vs. 0.3%; p < 0.001), wound disruption (0.2% vs. 0.1%; p = 0.006), and readmission (4.2% vs. 3.1%; p = <0.001) were found in smokers versus non-smokers. Conclusions: The present study is encouraging that national efforts to reduce the prevalence of smoking may be successful within the THA population, but there is a persistently elevated risk of postoperative complications in smokers after THA.