Clinicopathologic Characterization of Sarcina ventriculi in the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract

Abstract

The bacterium Sarcina ventriculi (SV) is rarely identified in the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract and has been associated with diverse clinical presentations. We aimed to characterize the clinicopathologic features of SV in the GI tract. Seventeen specimens (3 gastrectomy and 14 biopsy specimens) with histologic diagnosis of SV were identified and analyzed. The patients (9 female, 8 male) had a median age of 65 (range 32–86) years. Five (30%) patients presented acutely with GI bleeding or altered mental status. Other relevant symptoms included abdominal pain ( n = 6, 35%), diarrhea ( n = 4, 24%), dysphagia/dyspepsia ( n = 3, 18%), and nausea/vomiting ( n = 3, 18%). SV organisms were mainly identified in the stomach ( n = 14, 82%), rarely at the gastroesophageal junction ( n = 2, 12%), esophagus ( n = 2, 12%), or duodenum ( n = 1, 6%). Endoscopically, retained food debris was found in 5 of 13 (38%) examined patients. Histologically, the majority of specimens (12 out of 17, 71%) showed mild alterations including reactive gastropathy, inactive gastritis, or reflux (Grade 1). The other 5 specimens (29%) demonstrated erosion, ulcer, necrosis, or perforation (Grade 2). The most commonly associated comorbidities were diabetes mellitus ( n = 10, 59%), gastroparesis/outlet obstruction ( n = 10, 59%), and gastroesophageal reflux disease ( n = 6, 35%). Upon follow-up, 3 (18%) patients with acute phlegmonous gastritis died shortly after gastrectomy. Our case series, the largest reported so far, describes a spectrum of histologic severity associated with SV infection. Diabetes and gastroparesis/outlet obstruction manifested as retained food debris endoscopically are common findings with SV, and may provide a growth medium for this organism and provoke pathogenicity contributing to fatality in acute conditions.