Evolution of brain injury and neurological dysfunction after cardiac arrest in the rat – A multimodal and comprehensive model

Abstract

Cardiac arrest (CA) is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Due to hypoxic ischemic brain injury, CA survivors may experience variable degrees of neurological dysfunction. This study, for the first time, describes the progression of CA-induced neuropathology in the rat. CA rats displayed neurological and exploratory deficits. Brain MRI revealed cortical and striatal edema at 3 days (d), white matter (WM) damage in corpus callosum (CC), external capsule (EC), internal capsule (IC) at d7 and d14. At d3 a brain edema significantly correlated with neurological score. Parallel neuropathological studies showed neurodegeneration, reduced neuronal density in CA1 and hilus of hippocampus at d7 and d14, with cells dying at d3 in hilus. Microgliosis increased in cortex (Cx), caudate putamen (Cpu), CA1, CC, and EC up to d14. Astrogliosis increased earlier (d3 to d7) in Cx, Cpu, CC and EC compared to CA1 (d7 to d14). Plasma levels of neurofilament light (NfL) increased at d3 and remained elevated up to d14. NfL levels at d7 correlated with WM damage. The study shows the consequences up to 14d after CA in rats, introducing clinically relevant parameters such as advanced neuroimaging and blood biomarker useful to test therapeutic interventions in this model.