1. Center for Care Delivery and Outcomes Research, Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA
2. Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
3. Vulnerable Veteran Innovative PACT Initiative, Informatics, Decision-Enhancement, and Analytic Sciences (IDEAS) Center, VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
4. Program for Addiction Research, Clinical Care, Knowledge, and Advocacy (PARCKA), University of Utah School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
5. Health Economics Resource Center, Palo Alto Veterans Affairs HealthCare System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
6. Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
7. Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN, USA
8. Centers of Excellence in Substance Addiction Treatment and Education, Puget Sound VAHCS, Seattle, WA & Philadelphia VAHCS, Philadelphia, PA, USA