The Relationship between Serum Sodium, Serum Osmolality, and Intracranial Pressure in Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury Treated with Hyperosmolar Therapy

Abstract

Background Treatment of elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) in traumatic brain injury (TBI) is controversial. Hyperosmolar therapy is used to prevent cerebral edema in these patients. Many intensivists measure direct correlates of these agents—serum sodium and osmolality. We seek to provide context on the utility of using these measures to estimate ICP in TBI patients. Materials and Methods Patients admitted with TBI who required ICP monitoring from 2008 to 2012 were included. Intracranial pressure, serum sodium, and serum osmolality were assessed prior to hyperosmotic therapy then at 6, 12, 18, 24, 48, and 72 hours after admission. A linear regression was performed on sodium, osmolality, and ICP at baseline and serum sodium and osmolality that corresponded with ICP for 6-72-hour time points. Results 136 patients were identified. Patients with initial measures were included in the baseline analysis (n = 29). Patients who underwent a craniectomy were excluded from the 6-72-hour analysis (n = 53). Initial ICP and serum sodium were not significantly correlated (R2 .00367, P = .696). Initial ICP and serum osmolality were not significantly correlated (R2 .00734, P = .665). Intracranial pressure and serum sodium 6-72 hours after presentation were poorly correlated (R2 .104, P < .0001), as were ICP and serum osmolality at 6-72 hours after presentation (R2 .116, P < .0001). Discussion Our results indicate initial ICP is not correlated with serum sodium or osmolality suggesting these are not useful initial clinical markers for ICP estimation. The association between ICP and serum sodium and osmolality after hyperosmolar therapy was poor, thus may not be useful as surrogates for direct ICP measurements.