1. Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;
2. Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;
3. Department of Emergency Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;
4. The Penn Injury Science Center at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;
5. Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;
6. Division of Traumatology, Surgical Critical Care and Emergency Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania