Leadership as Organizing

Abstract

Leadership is a central concept in both communication and organizational studies. Despite the centrality of leadership in both disciplines, few leadership questionnaires have been developed in the context of ongoing and systematic research programs. This article reviews and critiques four recent instruments that have been developed to measure organizational leadership: (a) Graen's Leader-Member Exchange measure, (b) Bass's Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire, (c) Podsakoff, Todor, and Skov's Measure of Reward and Punishment, and (d) Kerr and Jermier's Substitutes for Leadership Scales. The reliability and validity of the instruments are assessed and directions for future research are suggested.