Use of Artificial Intelligence With Deep Learning Approaches for the Follow-up of Infrarenal Endovascular Aortic Repair

Abstract

Introduction: Endoleaks represent one of the main complications after endovascular aortic repair (EVAR) and can lead to increased re-intervention rates and secondary rupture. Serial lifelong surveillance is required and traditionally involves cross-sectional imaging with manual axial measurements. Artificial intelligence (AI)-based imaging analysis has been developed and may provide a more precise and faster assessment. This study aims to evaluate the ability of an AI-based software to assess post-EVAR morphological changes over time, detect endoleaks, and associate them with EVAR-related adverse events. Methods: Patients who underwent EVAR at a tertiary hospital from January 2017 to March 2020 with at least 2 follow-up computed tomography angiography (CTA) were analyzed using PRAEVAorta 2 (Nurea). The software was compared to the ground truth provided by human experts using Sensitivity (Se), Specificity (Sp), Negative Predictive Value (NPV), and Positive Predictive Value (PPV). Endovascular aortic repair–related adverse events were defined as aneurysm-related death, rupture, endoleak, limb occlusion, and EVAR-related re-interventions. Results: Fifty-six patients were included with a median imaging follow-up of 27 months (interquartile range [IQR]: 20-40). There were no significant differences overtime in the evolution of maximum aneurysm diameters (55.62 mm [IQR: 52.33-59.25] vs 54.34 mm [IQR: 46.13-59.47]; p=0.2162) or volumes (130.4 cm3 [IQR: 113.8-171.7] vs 125.4 cm3 [IQR: 96.3-169.1]; p=0.1131) despite a −13.47% decrease in the volume of thrombus (p=0.0216). PRAEVAorta achieved a Se of 89.47% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 80.58 to 94.57), a Sp of 91.25% (95% CI: 83.02 to 95.70), a PPV of 90.67% (95% CI: 81.97 to 95.41), and an NPV of 90.12% (95% CI: 81.70 to 94.91) in detecting endoleaks. Endovascular aortic repair–related adverse events were associated with global volume modifications with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.7806 vs 0.7277 for maximum diameter. The same trend was observed for endoleaks (AUC of 0.7086 vs 0.6711). Conclusions: The AI-based software PRAEVAorta enabled a detailed anatomic characterization of aortic remodeling post-EVAR and showed its potential interest for automatic detection of endoleaks during follow-up. The association of aortic aneurysmal volume with EVAR-related adverse events and endoleaks was more robust compared with maximum diameter. Clinical Impact The integration of PRAEVAorta AI software into clinical practice promises a transformative shift in post-EVAR surveillance. By offering precise and rapid detection of endoleaks and comprehensive anatomic assessments, clinicians can expect enhanced diagnostic accuracy and streamlined patient management. This innovation reduces reliance on manual measurements, potentially reducing interpretation errors and shortening evaluation times. Ultimately, PRAEVAorta’s capabilities hold the potential to optimize patient care, leading to more timely interventions and improved outcomes in endovascular aortic repair.