1. Quotations from Descartes are taken from Œuvres de Descartes, ed. by Adam Charles, Tannery Paul, new edn (11 vols, Paris, 1996), and are cited in the form: AT vi, 33–45. English translations are taken from The philosophical writings of Descartes, transl. by Cottingham John, Stoothoff Robert, Murdoch Dugald (3 vols, Cambridge and New York, 1984–1991), and are cited in the form: CSM i, 123–35.