Diabetes distress in a Barbadian population with type 2 diabetes: A pilot test

Abstract

One in five Barbadians has diabetes, suggesting that there is a severe burden of the disease. Objective: To assess the psychometric properties of the Diabetes Distress Scale, in order to determine the feasibility, practicality, internal consistency and criterion validity of the instrument when used with Barbadians living with Type 2 Diabetes. Methods: Patients with type 2 diabetes, ( n = 106. 60% females, 40% males; mean age = 65.2, 11.3 years) attending a private clinic in Barbados were assessed for diabetes distress, depression, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) and blood pressure (BP). A self-report questionnaire that included: clinical and demographic questions; the Diabetes Distress Scale (DDS); the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9); and the Problem Areas In Diabetes (PAID-5) scale. Glycated haemaglobin (HbA1C) and Blood pressure (BP) were also measured. Results: Of the 110 persons who participated, 106 persons completed the questionnaire. The Cronbach alpha coefficient of the PAID was 0.92 and the DDS was 0.92. Concurrent validity was demonstrated in a strong consistent relationship between the scores on the DDS and PAID-5, with a strong positive correlation, r = 0.70, n = 86, p < 0.001. There was a significant difference in the DDS scores between males ( M = 1.26, SD = 0.37) and females ( M = 1.50, SD = 0.73), t(73.31) = −1.99, p = 0.05 two tailed. Conclusion: The DDS is shown to be a valid and reliable measure within this Caribbean context. Thus, researchers and clinicians desirous of a tool to assess Diabetes Distress may be assured of the strong psychometric properties demonstrated thus far.