Serum Proteome of Patients with Systemic Sclerosis: Molecular Analysis of Expression and Prevalence of Haptoglobin Alpha Chain Isoforms

Abstract

Haptoglobin (Hpt) is an acute phase protein characterized by three major phenotypes (Hpt 1-1, Hpt 2-1 and Hpt 2-2). The Hpt 2-2 phenotype is associated with increased prevalence of various systemic diseases, including autoimmune disorders. Moreover, the Hpt 2-2 phenotype induces a shift from Th1 to Th2 response and increases fibrotic processes. On this basis, we performed serum proteomic analysis of with Systemic Sclerosis (SSc), a connective tissue disorder associated with Th2-type immune response and characterized by interstitial and perivascular fibrosis due to different factors (including genetic, environmental, immunological and microchimeric factors). Serum of 23 SSc outpatients (4 males, 19 females, mean age 54±5.3 years) diagnosed according to the American Rheumatism Association (ARA) criteria, were considered for the proteomic analysis and compared to serum of 21 control subjects. Serum depleted of HAP was analyzed by 2-DE, and Hpt chain spots were identified by WB. The expression frequency of each Hpt a chain in SSc patients and controls was compared and quantitative analysis of spot expression (% Vol) was performed. Above all, our study amplifies the limited data in the literature on proteomic analysis in SSc, also confirming previous data that revealed a significant increase of haptoglobin type 2-2 and a concomitant decrease of the 1-1 phenotype in SSc patients. Moreover, our results demonstrate that c spots are more prevalent in SSc patients than in controls (91.3% vs 55.5%, p<0.05), while the expression frequency of a and b spots does not change. In patients Hpt 2-1 or Hpt 1-1 e spot is less abundant. According to our results, the c and e spots can be considered markers for SSc and thus be of use for the early diagnosis of connective tissue disorders and in establishing appropriate treatment.