Glucose Measurement by Affinity Sensor and Pulsed Measurements of Fluidic Resistances

Abstract

Background: Affinity sensors for glucose are based on a different measuring principle than the commercially available amperometric needle type sensors: reversible affinity interaction of glucose with specific receptors is the primary recognition mechanism instead of an enzymatic glucose oxidation. Methods: A novel pulsed-flow micro-fluidic system was used to characterize first the viscosity of a sensitive liquid containing the glucose receptor Concanavalin A and dextran and in a second approach to characterize the geometry of a fluidic resistance. In the viscometric sensor, glucose of the sensitive liquid is equilibrated, while passing through a dialysis chamber, with the surrounding medium. With the membrane flow sensor, the viscosity of the liquid remains constant but the pores of the flow-resisting membrane contain a swellable hydrogel affecting the width of the pores. Two types of hydrogel were tested with the membrane flow sensor; one is highly sensitive to pH and salt concentration, the other contains receptors of phenyl boronic acids to obtain sensitivity to glucose. Results: The viscometric affinity sensor (first approach) showed a linear response over 0 to 30 mmol/L glucose concentration range. The disturbing effect of air bubbles could be compensated for. The sensing proof of principle of the second approach could be demonstrated by its linear response to different saline concentrations; however, the glucose-sensitive membrane developed showed only a small response to glucose. Conclusions: Glucose monitoring based on this pulsed flow measuring principle offers interesting alternatives for the development of CGM systems with different options for the glucose sensing part.