Post-operative pain following percutaneous nephrolithotripsy- clinical correlates

Abstract

Objectives: Management of postoperative pain following percutaneous nephrolithotripsy (PCNL) is a significant goal. We sought to identify risk factors and clinical correlates of postoperative pain in order to improve perioperative management and patient satisfaction. Materials and methods: A single-center, retrospective analysis, from a prospectively maintained database, of all consecutive patients who underwent PCNL for renal calculi between January 2011 and August 2018. Postoperative pain was assessed using the visual analog scale (VAS) and analgesic use. We considered VAS score above 4 as meaningful. Pain management was standardized according to patirnt reported VAS scores. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify risk factors and clinical correlates. Results: A total of 496 patients were analyzed. Younger age was associated with VAS above 4 on the operative day and the first postoperative following PCNL ( p = 0.003 and p < 0.001, respectively). Female gender was associated with VAS above 4 in the first 2 days following the operation ( p < 0.001). Conclusions: Younger age and female gender would most likely benefit from pre-emptive improved pain management protocols following PCNL.