Novel Dimeric Architecture of an IFN-γ–Related Cytokine Provides Insights into Subfunctionalization of Type II IFNs in Teleost Fish

Abstract

Abstract Gene duplication leads to subfunctionalization of paralogs. In mammals, IFN-γ is the sole member of the type II IFN family and binds to a receptor complex consisting of IFN-γR1 and IFN-γR2. In teleost fish, IFN-γ and its receptors have been duplicated due to the teleost-specific whole-genome duplication event. In this study, the functions of an IFN-γ–related (IFN-γrel) cytokine were found to be partially retained relative to IFN-γ in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella [CiIFN-γrel]). CiIFN-γrel upregulated the expression of proinflammatory genes but had lost the ability to activate genes involved in Th1 response. The results suggest that CiIFN-γrel could have been subfunctionalized from CiIFN-γ. Moreover, CiIFN-γrel induced STAT1 phosphorylation via interaction with duplicated homologs of IFN-γR1 (cytokine receptor family B [CRFB] 17 and CRFB13). Strikingly, CiIFN-γrel did not bind to the IFN-γR2 homolog (CRFB6). To gain insight into the subfunctionalization, the crystal structure of CiIFN-γrel was solved at 2.26 Å, revealing that it forms a homodimer that is connected by two pairs of disulfide bonds. Due to the spatial positions of helix A, loop AB, and helix B, CiIFN-γrel displays a unique topology that requires elements from two identical monomers to form a unit that is similar to IFN-γ. Further, mutagenesis analyses identified key residues interacting with CiIFN-γrel receptors and those required for the biological functions. Our study can help understand the subfunctionalization of duplicated IFN-γ paralogs in fish.