Improving Reliability of Immunological Assays by Defining Minimal Criteria for Cell Fitness

Abstract

Abstract Human PBMC-based assays are often used as biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of disease, as well as for the prediction and tracking of response to biological therapeutics. However, the development and use of PBMC-based biomarker assays is often limited by poor reproducibility. Complex immunological assays can be further complicated by variation in cell handling before analysis, especially when using cryopreserved cells. Variation in postthaw viability is further increased if PBMC isolation and cryopreservation are done more than a few hours after collection. There is currently a lack of evidence-based standards for the minimal PBMC viability or “fitness” required to ensure the integrity and reproducibility of immune cell–based assays. In this study, we use an “induced fail” approach to examine the effect of thawed human PBMC fitness on four flow cytometry–based assays. We found that cell permeability-based viability stains at the time of thawing did not accurately quantify cell fitness, whereas a combined measurement of metabolic activity and early apoptosis markers did. Investigation of the impact of different types and levels of damage on PBMC-based assays revealed that only when cells were >60–70% live and apoptosis negative did biomarker values cease to be determined by cell fitness rather than the inherent biology of the cells. These data show that, to reproducibly measure immunological biomarkers using cryopreserved PBMCs, minimal acceptable standards for cell fitness should be incorporated into the assay protocol.