Local Shape of Pictorial Relief

Author:

Koenderink Jan1,van Doorn Andrea2,Wagemans Johan3

Affiliation:

1. Laboratory of Experimental Psychology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Tiensestraat 102, Box 3711, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; and Faculteit Sociale Wetenschappen, Psychologische Functieleer, Universiteit Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 2, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands

2. Faculteit Sociale Wetenschappen, Psychologische Functieleer, Universiteit Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 2, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands

3. Laboratory of Experimental Psychology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Tiensestraat 102, Box 3711, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium

Abstract

How is pictorial relief represented in visual awareness? Certainly not as a “depth map,” but perhaps as a map of local surface attitudes (Koenderink & van Doorn, 1995). Here we consider the possibility that observers might instead, or concurrently, represent local surface shape, a geometrical invariant with respect to motions. Observers judge local surface shape, in a picture of a piece of sculpture, on a five-point categorical scale. Categories are cap–ridge–saddle–rut–cup–flat, where “flat” denotes the absence of shape. We find that observers readily perform such a task, with full resolution of a shape index scale (cap–ridge–saddle–rut–cup), and with excellent self-consistency over days. There exist remarkable inter-observer differences. Over a group of 10 naive observers we find that the dispersion of judgments peaks at the saddle category. There may be a relation of this finding to the history of the topic—Alberti's (1827) omission of the saddle category in his purportedly exhaustive catalog of local surface shapes.

Publisher

SAGE Publications

Subject

Artificial Intelligence,Sensory Systems,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology,Ophthalmology

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