Design, Simulation, and Prototype of an 18-Wheeler Electric Vehicle with Range Extension using Solar PV and Regenerative Braking

Abstract

In response to California's initiative to propel the advancement of hybrid and electric vehicles toward achieving zero emissions, this study undertakes the design of a hybrid 18-wheeler aligning with the state's stringent standards. The motivation stems from the imperative need to address the research and development in the domain of hybrid/electric class 8 vehicles, specifically focusing on the pivotal segment of 18-wheelers. The research team developed a realistic theoretical design, verified it using MATLAB Simulink simulation, and ultimately built a prototype. The truck's novel features, namely, 60% electric power, regenerative braking, and solar PV for range extension, are included in the design and partially implemented in the prototype. Two motors, a DC and an AC, are used as the prototype drives where the system control is mostly automatic. Simulation of the electric 18-wheeler design shows that the model works properly. It follows the speed command closely while the acceleration and deceleration behaviors are normal. Testing of the prototype shows that it functions appropriately. The DC motor speed can be regulated over a wide speed range while the AC motor can run at two different speeds as designed. The prototype microcontroller logic is followed, ensuring safe operation of the solar PV system and the battery, and effective control of the motors. Overall, the project succeeded in achieving a harmonious blend of simulation, design, and physical implementation. It can be used as an engineering and public education tool. Further, by exploring cutting-edge technologies such as regenerative braking and solar power for truck range extension, the project contributes to raising vehicle efficiency and finding sustainable transportation solutions, which make the transportation sector more friendly to the environment.