Real-time Contactless Bio-Sensors and Systems for Smart Healthcare using IoT and E-Health Applications

Abstract

The population surge and geographical mass transit for survival and healthcare is increasing exponentially since the 1900 and climate change has made it inevitable. These geographical dynamics have mandated the requirement of contactless or non-invasive scalable and smart healthcare methods and techniques across the globe. The recent pandemic has obliged contactless sensing technologies in all the bio-sensing domains. In this work, the contactless bio-capacitive electrode for cardiological condition assessment has been addressed for researchers, technologists, scientists, and clinical professionals to understand the gradual innovation and enrichment in contactless bio-sensing techniques, methods, and materials, devices, and systems is exponentially increasing over the last seven decades. This work is a comprehension of major contributions in contactless capacitive bio-sensors and systems developed from 1950 to 2020. An overall of 500 articles in contactless capacitive bio-sensors and systems domain from top journals were selected for study; out of which 100 have been referred in this work. Starting from bio-capacitive electrodes to IoT-based indigenous contactless smart nodes have been introduced in this article.