The Effects of Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibition on Epinephrine-Induced Arrhythmia and Myocardial Damage

Abstract

We have recently reported that methylene blue (MethyB) was able to inhibit epinephrine-induced arrhythmias and cardiac muscle injury. In this study, we investigated the effect of nitric oxide synthase inhibition by NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) on cardiac arrhythmias, and myocardial damage induced by epinephrine in rats. Whether nitric oxide inhibition would affect the antiarrhythmic and cardiac protective actions of MethyB was also examined. L-NAME (40 mg/kg), L-arginine (200 mg/kg) + L-NAME, or MethyB (100 mg/kg) + L-NAME were given intraperitoneally (i.p.). Cardiac arrhythmia was then induced with intravenous (i.v.) injection of 10 μg/kg epinephrine. Results showed that epinephrine injection caused marked bradycardia (221.0 ± 1.37 vs. 409.4 ± 3.18 beats/min), shortened QTc interval (0.096 ± 0.0093 vs. 0.177 ± 0.0008 s), increased QRS duration (0.040 ± 0.0035 vs. 0.0185 ± 0.0002 s), decreased R wave amplitude (0.176 ± 0.0051 vs. 0.21 ± 0.0009 mv), ST segment height (-0.026 ± 0.007 vs. -0.002 ± 0.0005 mv), and induced ventricular extrasystoles. L-NAME given to untreated control rats resulted in a decrease in heart rate (288.2 ± 0.88 vs. 409.4 ± 3.18 beats/min), and increased R wave amplitude (0.436 ± 0.004 vs. 0.21 ± 0.0009 mv) compared to controls. L-NAME did not cause extrasystoles in untreated control rats but significantly increased the number of extrasystoles and duration of arrhythmia in the epinephrine-treated group. The administration of L-arginine (200 mg/kg, i.p.) to epinephrine plus L-NAME-treated rats resulted in increased heart rate and markedly decreased the number of extrasystoles and duration of arrhythmia. Methylene blue given at 100 mg/kg to rats treated with epinephrine and L-NAME caused a marked increase in heart rate. It also normalized QRS duration, prevented ST segment depression, markedly suppressed ventricular extrasystoles, and decreased the duration of arrhythmia compared with either epinephrine or L-NAME plus epinephrine-treated groups. Epinephrine injection caused disorganization, and necrosis of cardiac cells, interstitial hemorrhage, and cellular infiltrations. These changes were markedly improved by treatment with either L-NAME or L-NAME/MethyB. These results suggest that (i) inhibiting nitric oxide synthase by L-NAME increases epinephrine-induced arrhythmia which is inhibited by L-arginine or MethyB; (ii) either L-NAME alone or in combination with MethyB prevented cardiac muscle injury induced by epinephrine; (iii) L-NAME did not prevent the cardiac protective and antiarrhythmic actions of MethyB.