Quadrature conductivity: A quantitative indicator of bacterial abundance in porous media

Author:

Zhang Chi1,Revil André2,Fujita Yoshiko3,Munakata-Marr Junko4,Redden George5

Affiliation:

1. Formerly Colorado School of Mines, Department of Geophysics, Golden, Colorado, USA and Idaho National Laboratories, Idaho Falls, Idaho, USA; presently Rutgers University, Department of Earth and Environmental Science, Newark, New Jersey, USA..

2. Colorado School of Mines, Department of Geophysics, Golden, Colorado, USA and Université de Savoie, ISTerre, CNRS, UMR, Le Bourget du Lac, France..

3. Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, Idaho, USA and University of Copenhagen, Department of Chemistry, Nanogeoscience Group, Copenhagen, Denmark..

4. Colorado School of Mines, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Golden, Colorado, USA..

5. University of Copenhagen, Department of Chemistry, Nanogeoscience Group, Copenhagen, Denmark..

Abstract

The abundance and growth stages of bacteria in subsurface porous media affect the concentrations and distributions of charged species within the solid-solution interfaces. Therefore, spectral induced polarization (SIP) measurements can be used to monitor changes in bacterial biomass and growth stage. Our goal was to gain a better understanding of the SIP response of bacteria present in a porous material. Bacterial cell surfaces possess an electric double layer and therefore become polarized in an electric field. We performed SIP measurements over the frequency range of 0.1–1 kHz on cell suspensions alone and cell suspensions mixed with sand at four pore water conductivities. We used Zymomonas mobilis at four different cell densities (including the background). The quadrature conductivity spectra exhibited two peaks, one around 0.05–0.10 Hz and the other around 1–10 Hz. Because SIP measurements on bacterial suspensions are typically made at frequencies greater than 1 Hz, these peaks have not been previously reported. In the bacterial suspensions in growth medium, the quadrature conductivity at peak I was linearly proportional to the density of the bacteria. For the case of the suspensions mixed with sands, we observed that peak II presented a smaller increase in the quadrature conductivity with the cell density. A comparison of the experiments with and without sand grains illustrated the effect of the porous medium on the overall quadrature conductivity response (decrease in the amplitude and shift of the peaks to the lower frequencies). Our results indicate that for a given porous medium, time-lapse SIP has potential for monitoring changes in bacterial abundance within porous media.

Publisher

Society of Exploration Geophysicists

Subject

Geochemistry and Petrology,Geophysics

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