The Lower Silurian Longmaxi rapid-transgressive black shale and organic matter distribution on the Upper Yangtze Platform, China

Abstract

The characteristics and formation of maximum flooding (MF) black shales are important aspects in defining the geology of fine-grained reservoirs. The MF black shales are located at the bottom of the Longmaxi Formation on the Upper Yangtze Platform, corresponding to graptolite zone LM1. Seismic interpretation, X-ray diffraction entire rock analysis, total organic carbon (TOC) tests, and field emission scanning electron microscopy analysis indicate that the MF black shales have an average content of 49.3% quartz (85% clay size), 10.5% calcite, 8.4% dolomite, and 23.4% clay minerals. The quartz content increases basinward, whereas the clay mineral content decreases. The shale has developed during rapid sea level rise, with a thickness of 0.5–2.8 m that gradually thickens basinward. The TOC content, averaging 5.4%, gradually decreases basinward, with four distinct stacking patterns. The mineral composition and thickness of the Longmaxi shale are related closely to rapid transgression, biology, and volcanism during the period of sedimentation. Rapid transgression has led to a decrease in terrestrial input and shale thickness. In addition, biological activity and volcanism have caused the prevalence of microcrystalline quartz. Shales with high TOC content are related to anoxic conditions, along with low sedimentation rates and high primary productivity. The combination of an anoxic water column, weak dilution, and enhanced organic matter (OM) supply have enhanced the preservation of the OM. The four TOC stacking patterns are related to the water depth. The supply of clay minerals decreases with increasing water depth, whereas the degradation and recycling of OM decrease the TOC content. The sediment accommodation increases with increasing water depth, resulting in four TOC stacking patterns.