Large rectangular semigroups in Stone-Cech compactifications

Author:

Hindman Neil,Strauss Dona,Zelenyuk Yevhen

Abstract

We show that large rectangular semigroups can be found in certain Stone-Čech compactifications. In particular, there are copies of the 2 c × 2 c 2^{\mathfrak {c}}\times 2^{\mathfrak {c}} rectangular semigroup in the smallest ideal of ( β N , + ) (\beta \mathbb {N},+) , and so, a semigroup consisting of idempotents can be embedded in the smallest ideal of ( β N , + ) (\beta \mathbb {N},+) if and only if it is a subsemigroup of the 2 c × 2 c 2^{\mathfrak {c}}\times 2^{\mathfrak {c}} rectangular semigroup. In fact, we show that for any ordinal λ \lambda with cardinality at most c \mathfrak {c} , β N \beta {\mathbb {N}} contains a semigroup of idempotents whose rectangular components are all copies of the 2 c × 2 c 2^{\mathfrak {c}}\times 2^{\mathfrak {c}} rectangular semigroup and form a decreasing chain indexed by λ + 1 \lambda +1 , with the minimum component contained in the smallest ideal of β N \beta \mathbb {N} . As a fortuitous corollary we obtain the fact that there are L \leq _{L} -chains of idempotents of length c \mathfrak {c} in β N \beta \mathbb {N} . We show also that there are copies of the direct product of the 2 c × 2 c 2^{\mathfrak {c}}\times 2^{\mathfrak {c}} rectangular semigroup with the free group on 2 c 2^{\mathfrak {c}} generators contained in the smallest ideal of β N \beta \mathbb {N} .

Publisher

American Mathematical Society (AMS)

Subject

Applied Mathematics,General Mathematics

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