Double moves by each player in chess openings make the game fairer

Author:

Brams Steven,Ismail Mehmet

Abstract

Unlike tic-tac-toe or checkers, in which optimal play leads to a draw, it is not known whether optimal play in chess ends in a win for White, a win for Black, or a draw. But after White moves first in chess, if Black has a double move followed by a double move of White and then alternating play, play is more balanced because White does not always tie or lead in moves. Symbolically, Balanced Alternation gives the following move sequence: After White’s (W) initial move, first Black (B) and then White each have two moves in a row (BBWW), followed by the alternating sequence, beginning with W, which altogether can be written as WB\slashBW\slash WB\slash WB\slash WB…(the slashes separate alternating pairs of moves). Except for reversal of the 3rd and 4th moves from WB to BW (underscored), this is the standard chess sequence. Because Balanced Alternation lies between the standard sequence, which favors White, and a comparable sequence that favors Black, it is highly likely to produce a draw with optimal play, rendering chess fairer.

Publisher

American Mathematical Society

Reference12 articles.

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2. Steven J. Brams and Mehmet S. Ismail, Fairer Chess: A Reversal of Two Opening Moves in Chess Creates Balance Between White and Black, 2021 IEEE Conference on Games (CoG), 2021, DOI:10.1109/CoG52621.2021.9619066, pp. 1–4.

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5. Julio González-Díaz and Ignacio Palacios-Huerta, Cognitive performance in competitive environments: Evidence from a natural experiment, Journal of Public Economics 139 (2016), 40–52.

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