Incidence of Dengue fever, serotypes, clinical features, and laboratory markers: a case study of 2019 outbreak at district Shangla, KP, Pakistan

Abstract

Background: Dengue is a widely spread mosquito-borne infection in humans, which in recent decades declared is public health problem globally. The dengue virus contains 4 different serotypes (DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, and DENV-4) which belong to the genus Flavivirus. Aims: A descriptive experimental study was conducted to determine the epidemiology, types of Dengue serotypes, clinical features, laboratory probe, and markers for primary diagnosis of dengue virus infection in hospitalized patients. Methodology: A total of 691 suspects were diagnosed from August to October 2019 in district Shangla KP, Pakistan. Serological tests were used for nonstructural protein-1 antigen (NS1), and antibodies (immunoglobulin-M (IgM) & Immunoglobulin-G (IgG)) while real-time PCR was used to confirm the cases. The data was statistically analyzed using IBM-SPSS Statistics 20 version. Results: The dengue virus infection was more prevalent in the male group (68.09%) than the female group (31.1%). A large number of patients were from rural areas (63.5%) while from urban areas were (36.4%), whereas Besham tehsil was found the most affected compared to other regions. The most prevalent serotype observed in our study was DENV-3 (56.60%) while DENV-4 was the least prevalent serotype (1.88%). Among the age-wise analysis of dengue-virus-infected individuals, the age group of 19–37 years (64.07%) was found the most affected group. The month-wise analysis revealed that the highest number of infections (49.8%) were recorded in September. Significant differences were noticed among blood parameters. Conclusion: The possible reasons for the dengue overwhelming in the study area could be less or lack of awareness particularly regarding the transmission of viral infections, improper sewage management, and no effective vector control strategies that lead the dengue outbreaks in the study population. Keywords: Dengue; Outbreak; DENV; real-time PCR; RNA Virus; Pakistan.