Time to Diabetic Retinopathy and Its Risk Factors among Diabetes Mellitus Patients in Jimma University Medical Center, Jimma, Southwest Ethiopia

Abstract

Background: Diabetic retinopathy is a complication of diabetes, caused by high blood sugar levels damaging the eye. Globally, diabetic retinopathy  affects more than 103.12 million people. Diabetic retinopathy is among the leading causes of vision loss at the global level, including in Ethiopia.  Therefore, the study aimed to assess the time to develop diabetic retinopathy and identify factors associated with diabetic retinopathy among  diabetes patients. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted from September 1, 2021 to January 30, 2022. Data was collected using semistructured questionnaire.  The Cox proportional hazard model were used to determine the median time to develop diabetic retinopathy and identify predictors  of diabetic retinopathy. Data was analyzed using R software. Results: A total of 373 diabetes patients were included in this study. The prevalence of  diabetic retinopathy was 41.3%. The median time was 41 months, ranging from 39 to 73 months. Elder age (HR=3.17, 95%CI: 1.53, 6.58), being male  (HR=2.34, 95%CI: 1.35, 6.15), previous family history of diabetes (HR=4.16, 95%CI: 2.19, 8.37), longer duration of diabetes (HR=2.86, 95%CI: 1.41,  5.31) received only insulin therapy (HR=3.91, 95%CI: 1.36, 7.94), and high systolic blood pressure(HR=2.32; 95%CI: 1.12, 4.39) were statistically  significant factors related to development of diabetes retinopathy. Conclusions: More than half of diabetic patinets in this study were developed  retinopathy diabetes within a few months of being diagnosed. As a result, we advocate that the best way to preserve our vision from diabetic  retinopathy is to maintain our diabetes under control, and the high-risk population receive early screening for diabetes.