Tick-borne encephalitis – a review of current epidemiology, clinical symptoms, management and prevention

Abstract

Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), which causes central nervous system infections, is a major health problem in Europe and Asia. This virus is transmitted mainly via the bite of a tick. However, an infection may also occur as a result of consuming raw milk. In 2018, a total of 3 092 cases of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) were reported in EU countries. In recent years, TBE has emerged in previously unaffected regions; thus, new endemic areas have been identified. Most cases of TBE occur in spring and autumn, which correlates with increased tick activity. TBE is found in all age groups, including infants. The clinical presentation of TBE varies, but the severity of the infection and risk of complications increase with age. Post-encephalitic syndrome, which affects up to 50% of infected individuals, significantly reduces quality of life. Currently, there is no effective treatment for TBE, and supportive management is used in the acute phase of the disease. Therefore, anti-TBE immunization and the avoidance of tick bites are of key importance in preventing this infection.