Overview on Neurological Manifestations of Thyroid Disease

Abstract

Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism are both prevalent medical conditions that are frequently accompanied with neurologic and neuromuscular dysfunction. Triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) hormones are produced by the thyroid gland and play a crucial role in tissue formation and metabolism. Both of these hormones have a variety of impacts on the brain and neuromuscular system. Specially in children, because brain development can be effected by any disturbances in Thyroidal hormones level. And thus, conditions like Allan-Herndon-Dudley Syndrome & Benign Hereditary Chorea is considered genetic thyroidal diseases both will be discussed in this review. hypothyroidism can have serious consequences for neuropsychiatric function. The pathophysiological processes underlying the neurological symptoms of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism are likely to be multifactorial, in this review we will be looking at multiple neurological as well as psychiatric manifestations related to thyroidal hormones disorders. Methods: We used the phrases "hypothyroidism," "hyperthyroidism," "neurological problems," "neuropathy," "myopathy," "congenital hypothyroidism," and "encephalopathy" in a PubMed search, google scholar and google search engines. Case series, individual case reports, systematic reviews, retrospective analyses, and randomized controlled trials were among the papers examined. Classification of thyroidal dysfunction has been made depending on the thyroidal hormones level. The neurological consequences of congenital hypothyroidism were examined, as well as the clinical aspects of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism-related neuromuscular disorders, as well as other autoimmune illnesses. Hashimoto encephalopathy's evidence and pathophysiological issues were also examined. Conclusion: Thyroid is critical organ due to role of its thyroidal hormones, both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism induce some serious neurological and phycological disorders, some of which is genetic, hypothyroidism can impact the development of child and thus regular thyroidal hormones testing is recommended in children who demonstrates any signs of neurological psychiatric  or cognitive disease.