Pathophysiology of Complication in Diabetes Mellitus

Abstract

Blood sugar levels are elevated in diabetes mellitus (DM), the most prevalent metabolic disorder. Insulin deficiency or ineffectiveness is the primary cause of hyperglycemia, affecting carbs and protein, and fat metabolism. Diabetes mellitus can be of two types, type 1 and type 2. Apart from this, a certain amount of people suffers from prediabetes. Type 1 diabetes insulin-dependent dent diabetes happens when the pancreas produces less or no insulin, so these patients require insulin doses frequently. A patient has type 2 diabetes if the cells don’t respond to insulin. This is the most common kind of diabetes and affects 95% of people with diabetes. It is an insulin-independent type of diabetes. Nearly every organ in the body is affected by DM. Microvascular and macrovascular problems are caused by diabetes mellitus. Nephropathy (disease of the kidney), retinopathy (eye damage), and neuropathy (nerve damage) are examples of microvascular complications, whereas macrovascular complications include blood vessels, arteries, and veins, e.g., peripheral artery disease, cerebrovascular events, etc. Retinopathy is a visual manifestation of end-organ damage. Neuropathy is of two types: symmetrical and asymmetrical. Symmetrical neuropathy is primarily sensory and autonomic, whereas asymmetrical neuropathy may be sensory, motor, or both. Diabetes is a long-term medical condition, and no medications are available to treat the secondary issues in today’s market; it cannot be cured but may be controlled by a healthy lifestyle. Continuous, frequent glucose hemostasis is critical.