IL-1β, RAGE and FABP4: targeting the dynamic trio in metabolic inflammation and related pathologies

Abstract

Within the past decade, inflammatory and lipid mediators, such as IL-1β, FABP4 and RAGE, have emerged as important contributors to metabolic dysfunction. As growing experimental and clinical evidence continues to tie obesity-induced chronic inflammation with dysregulated lipid, insulin signaling and related pathologies, IL-1β, FABP4 and RAGE each are being independently implicated as culprits in these events. There are also convincing data that molecular pathways driven by these molecules are interconnected in exacerbating metabolic consequences of obesity. This article highlights the roles of IL-1β, FABP4 and RAGE in normal physiology as well as focusing specifically on their contribution to inflammation, insulin resistance, atherosclerosis, Type 2 diabetes and cancer. Studies implicating the interconnection between these pathways, current and emerging therapeutics, and their use as potential biomarkers are also discussed. Evidence of impact of IL-1β, FABP4 and RAGE pathways on severity of metabolic dysfunction underlines the strong links between inflammatory events, lipid metabolism and insulin regulation, and offers new intriguing approaches for future therapies of obesity-driven pathologies.