Melatonin and Metabolic Disorders: Unraveling the Interplay With Glucose and Lipid Metabolism, Adipose Tissue, and Inflammation

Abstract

The increasing prevalence of metabolic disorders such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and obesity, highlighted the crucial need to understand the intricate mechanisms that contribute to these health conditions. Melatonin, produced by the pineal gland in the brain, plays a crucial role in regulating the sleep-wake cycle and has been widely studied for its potential health benefits. Recognized for its pivotal involvement in the sleep-wake cycle, melatonin exhibits various physiological functions such as its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Moreover, a growing body of evidence has suggested a potential association between melatonin and metabolic disorders, particularly those related to insulin resistance, obesity, and diabetes. In this review, we clarify the influence of melatonin on insulin sensitivity and its role in glucose and lipid metabolism, highlighting its potential to address pivotal factors contributing to metabolic disorders. In addition, the complex relationship between melatonin and adipose tissue dynamics is explored to elucidate the hormone’s involvement in the conversion of white fat to beige fat and its subsequent implications for energy expenditure. We briefly summarize a comprehensive discussion of the therapeutic implications of melatonin, provide insights into potential avenues for future research, and emphasize the importance of adopting a comprehensive approach to metabolic disorders.